GDP per Person, Historical (Maddison): Egypt

## What this measures

Real GDP per person in Egypt, in 2011 international dollars, from the Maddison Project Database 2023: the long-run record of average living standards, here back to the year 1.

## Why it matters

It is the standard measure of how rich a society is across centuries, and the only one that lets you compare the Roman Empire, Song China and today's economies on one scale.

## How to read it

Dollars are 2011 international dollars: adjusted for inflation and for price differences between countries, so a higher number means more goods and services per person. Each point is a calendar year, dated December 31. Before about 1820 most countries have only scattered benchmark years, so a line drawn between them hides everything in between.

## What it does not say

Early figures are reconstructions from wages, prices, output and population records, with wide margins of error. It is an average: it says nothing about how income was shared. Purchasing-power comparisons across very different economies are approximate.

## Source

Maddison Project Database 2023 (Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen). Cite as: Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), "Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1–41. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618. Licence: Maddison Project Database, version 2023 by Jutta Bolt and Jan Luiten van Zanden, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023 The database asks that all original papers be cited when its data is shown in graphical form. The original sources for Egypt, as the database lists them: Sources added since MPD 2013: - Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 - 700 – 1500: Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011. - 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950: Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 - GDP pc: 2008 - 2022: Total Economy Database the Conference Board for all countries included in TED. Otherwise UN national accounts statistics This is a one-off release; Palanor will load the next version when the Maddison Project publishes one.