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Structural pressure

How much measurable strain sits under a country’s social order: a large young cohort without work, a strained budget, prices, instability and organized violence.

Peter Turchin’s structural-demographic theory and Jack Goldstone’s state-breakdown model: instability builds when a large young cohort meets poor prospects, the state’s finances strain and elites compete. Henrik Urdal’s work on youth bulges supplies the demographic measure. Palanor reads the parts of these theories it can measure across countries; elite overproduction and relative wages have no cleared cross-country series and are left out. Mancur Olson’s and Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson’s institutional theories are context, not inputs: scoring institutions would rank countries.

Stages describe where a country sits against its own past and other countries. They are not ratings: no stage is better or worse than another, and Palanor never sorts countries by one.

Publishing stages · 71 countries · yearly, 1990 on · method v1, pre-registered 2026-10-22

Passes the pre-registered episode check: 6 of 7 episodes read as expected (1 missed, 0 untestable).

The stages

  1. 1. Low

    Few of the measured strains are present.

  2. 2. Building

    Some strains are rising: youth joblessness, prices or the cost of public debt.

  3. 3. High

    Several strains are high together and the country is rated unstable.

  4. 4. Acute

    Strains are high and organized violence has reached the level UCDP counts as war.

Building95% · coverage 100% · as of 2025-12-31

Building. 5 of 6 indicators that speak to this stage sit at or near its range. Political stability (WGI) reads 0.162, within -0.4 – 0.7. Inflation, % disagrees at 219.9%, reading as High.

EvidenceValueAs ofReads as
Aged 15–24, % of adults19.5%2025stage 2
Youth unemployment, %19.2%2025stage 2
Political stability (WGI)0.1622025stage 2
Interest, % of government revenue8.46%2024stage 2
Inflation, %219.9%2024stage 3
Organized-violence deaths (UCDP)45.02025stage 2

Where each country has been

One row per country, alphabetical; one cell per year, shaded by the leading stage. Hatched cells were withheld: too little of the evidence was published to place the country. Select a country for its reading and evidence.

Country19901995200020052010201520202025Latest
ArgentinaBuilding 2025
AustraliaLow 2025
AustriaLow 2025
BahrainLow 2025
BelgiumBuilding 2025
BoliviaHigh 2025
BrazilBuilding 2025
BulgariaLow 2025
CanadaLow 2025
ChileBuilding 2025
ChinaBuilding 2025
ColombiaHigh 2025
Costa RicaLow 2025
CroatiaLow 2025
CyprusLow 2025
CzechiaLow 2025
DenmarkLow 2025
DR CongoAcute 2025
EcuadorHigh 2025
EgyptHigh 2025
EstoniaLow 2025
EthiopiaAcute 2025
FinlandLow 2025
FranceBuilding 2025
GermanyLow 2025
GreeceBuilding 2025
HungaryBuilding 2025
IcelandLow 2025
IndiaHigh 2025
IndonesiaBuilding 2025
IranAcute 2025
IraqBuilding 2025
IrelandLow 2025
IsraelBuilding 2025
ItalyBuilding 2025
JapanLow 2025
JordanHigh 2025
KuwaitBuilding 2025
LatviaLow 2025
LithuaniaLow 2025
LuxembourgLow 2025
MaltaLow 2025
MexicoHigh 2025
NamibiaBuilding 2025
NetherlandsLow 2025
New ZealandLow 2025
NorwayLow 2025
OmanBuilding 2025
PanamaBuilding 2025
ParaguayBuilding 2025
PeruBuilding 2025
PolandLow 2025
PortugalLow 2025
QatarLow 2025
RomaniaBuilding 2025
RussiaLow 2025
Saudi ArabiaBuilding 2025
Sierra LeoneHigh 2025
SlovakiaLow 2025
SloveniaLow 2025
South AfricaHigh 2025
South KoreaLow 2025
SpainBuilding 2025
SwedenLow 2025
SwitzerlandLow 2025
TurkeyHigh 2025
United Arab EmiratesLow 2025
United KingdomBuilding 2025
United StatesBuilding 2025
UruguayLow 2025
ZambiaBuilding 2025
LowBuildingHighAcuteWithheld

How it is read

Each indicator has a range for every stage it speaks to, in its own units. A value inside a range counts fully for that stage and less the further outside it falls. Stage fits become probabilities; the leading stage is published only when at least 60% of the indicator weight is readable and fresh, a strong stage’s named evidence agrees (gates), and a challenger leads the current stage by 15 points before the call changes.

IndicatorWeightLowBuildingHighAcute
Aged 15–24, % of adults18%< 18.0%15.0% – 25.0%> 22.0%> 22.0%
Youth unemployment, %18%< 12.0%10.0% – 22.0%> 18.0%> 25.0%
Political stability (WGI)24%> 0.5-0.4 – 0.7-1.3 – -0.2< -1.2
Interest, % of government revenue12%< 8.0%5.0% – 15.0%> 12.0%> 12.0%
Inflation, %12%< 5.0%3.0% – 12.0%> 8.0%> 12.0%
Organized-violence deaths (UCDP)18%< 25.0< 100.025.0 – 1,000> 1,000

Gates: High needs political stability (wgi) at or near its range; Acute needs political stability (wgi) and organized-violence deaths (ucdp) at or near its range.

The publish gate

Before any reading was computed, Palanor named known episodes and the stages they should read as. A schema publishes stages only if at least two episodes read as expected and hits outnumber misses. Misses stay on this page.

EpisodeExpectedRead (years)Outcome
Egypt, 2011–2013High or AcuteBuilding 3miss
Iraq, 2005–2008AcuteAcute 4hit
Iraq, 2014–2017AcuteAcute 4hit
Colombia, 2000–2005High or AcuteAcute 6hit
Norway, 2000–2024LowLow 25hit
Switzerland, 2000–2024LowLow 25hit
Ethiopia, 2020–2023High or AcuteAcute 4hit

What it cannot see

This is not a forecast of unrest and says nothing about who governs or how. WGI political stability is itself a perception index built from surveys and expert ratings. UCDP counts deaths by where they happen, so a country fighting abroad can read low.

References

  1. Peter Turchin, Ages of Discord: A Structural-Demographic Analysis of American History (2016).
  2. Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (1991).
  3. Henrik Urdal, A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence (International Studies Quarterly) (2006).
  4. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (1982).
  5. Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail (2012).
  6. Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (2025).

Recomputed weekly · last 2026-10-22 · signals country.<iso3>.schema.structural-pressure.stage and .position · How Country Schemas work

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