Middle-class stage
How much of a country lives on a middle-class income or more, from the World Bank’s household surveys.
Homi Kharas’s global middle class, Nancy Birdsall’s "indispensable middle class", and the $10-a-day security line of Luis-Felipe López-Calva and Eduardo Ortiz-Juárez, read on the World Bank’s Poverty and Inequality Platform at 2021 purchasing-power prices.
Stages describe where a country sits against its own past and other countries. They are not ratings: no stage is better or worse than another, and Palanor never sorts countries by one.
Publishing stages · 71 countries · yearly, 1990 on · method v1, pre-registered 2026-10-22
Passes the pre-registered episode check: 6 of 6 episodes read as expected (0 missed, 0 untestable).
The stages
1. Pre-middle-class
Few people live on $10 a day or more; poverty is widespread.
2. Emerging middle class
A middle class is forming but is still a minority.
3. Middle-class majority
Most people live on $10 a day or more; extreme poverty is rare.
4. Affluent
Nearly everyone lives on $10 a day or more and a large share on $50 or more.
Costa Rica
Country Dossier →Middle-class majority43% · coverage 100% · as of 2025-12-31
Middle-class majority. 3 of 3 indicators that speak to this stage sit at or near its range. Living on $10+ a day, % reads 81.9%, within 45.0% – 85.0%. Affluent leads by 13 pts, short of the 15-point margin a change of stage requires, so Middle-class majority holds.
| Evidence | Value | As of | Reads as |
|---|---|---|---|
| Living on $10+ a day, % | 81.9% | 2024 | stage 3 |
| Living on $50+ a day, % | 15.6% | 2024 | stage 4 |
| Living below $3 a day, % | 0.8% | 2025 | stage 3 |
Where each country has been
One row per country, alphabetical; one cell per year, shaded by the leading stage. Hatched cells were withheld: too little of the evidence was published to place the country. Select a country for its reading and evidence.
| Country | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | Latest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australia | Affluent 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Austria | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bahrain | No reading | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Belgium | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bolivia | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brazil | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulgaria | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Canada | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chile | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colombia | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costa Rica | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Croatia | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cyprus | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Czechia | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denmark | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DR Congo | Pre-middle-class 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ecuador | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Egypt | Emerging middle class 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Estonia | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ethiopia | Pre-middle-class 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finland | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| France | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Germany | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greece | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hungary | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iceland | Affluent 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| India | Pre-middle-class 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indonesia | Emerging middle class 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iran | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iraq | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ireland | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Israel | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Italy | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japan | Affluent 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jordan | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kuwait | No reading | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latvia | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lithuania | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Luxembourg | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malta | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mexico | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Namibia | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Netherlands | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New Zealand | No reading | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Norway | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oman | No reading | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Panama | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paraguay | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peru | Middle-class majority 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poland | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Portugal | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Qatar | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Romania | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Russia | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | No reading | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sierra Leone | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Slovakia | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Slovenia | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Africa | Emerging middle class 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Korea | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spain | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sweden | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Switzerland | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turkey | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Arab Emirates | Withheld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uruguay | Affluent 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zambia | Pre-middle-class 2025 |
How it is read
Each indicator has a range for every stage it speaks to, in its own units. A value inside a range counts fully for that stage and less the further outside it falls. Stage fits become probabilities; the leading stage is published only when at least 60% of the indicator weight is readable and fresh, a strong stage’s named evidence agrees (gates), and a challenger leads the current stage by 15 points before the call changes.
| Indicator | Weight | Pre-middle-class | Emerging middle class | Middle-class majority | Affluent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living on $10+ a day, % | 55% | < 15.0% | 12.0% – 50.0% | 45.0% – 85.0% | > 80.0% |
| Living on $50+ a day, % | 18% | < 1.0% | < 3.0% | < 15.0% | > 10.0% |
| Living below $3 a day, % | 27% | > 20.0% | 3.0% – 30.0% | < 6.0% | < 1.5% |
Gates: Affluent needs living on $10+ a day, % at or near its range.
The publish gate
Before any reading was computed, Palanor named known episodes and the stages they should read as. A schema publishes stages only if at least two episodes read as expected and hits outnumber misses. Misses stay on this page.
| Episode | Expected | Read (years) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| China, 1990–2000 | Pre-middle-class | Pre-middle-class 11 | hit |
| China, 2015–2024 | Emerging middle class or Middle-class majority | Middle-class majority 9, Emerging middle class 1 | hit |
| India, 2010–2022 | Pre-middle-class or Emerging middle class | Pre-middle-class 13 | hit |
| United States, 2000–2024 | Affluent | Affluent 25 | hit |
| Ethiopia, 2000–2020 | Pre-middle-class | Pre-middle-class 21 | hit |
| Brazil, 2010–2024 | Emerging middle class or Middle-class majority | Middle-class majority 15 | hit |
What it cannot see
Surveys are years apart in many countries, and the World Bank fills the years between them; Palanor stores no year after a country’s latest survey. Some countries measure income and others consumption, which are not identical. Argentina’s surveys cover cities only. Several Gulf states publish no survey and get no reading.
References
- Homi Kharas, The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries (OECD Development Centre WP 285) (2010).
- Nancy Birdsall, The (Indispensable) Middle Class in Developing Countries (2010).
- Luis F. López-Calva and Eduardo Ortiz-Juárez, A vulnerability approach to the definition of the middle class (Journal of Economic Inequality) (2014).
- World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform (2025).
Recomputed weekly · last 2026-10-22 · signals country.<iso3>.schema.middle-class.stage and .position · How Country Schemas work